The EU's action in Spain against the ‘infodemic’ of disinformation on COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55777/rea.v13i26.2153Keywords:
Infodemic, Disinformation, Media Literacy, COVID-19, European UnionAbstract
COVID-19 has not only meant a health emergency but also a truly disinformation pandemic (‘infodemic’) that threatens the status of democratic institutions such as those that make up the European Union (EU). Indeed, the EU had previously been the target of disinformation campaigns, which increases the potential damage of the COVID-19 ‘infodemic’. Bearing those trends in mind, this research aims to analyze the specific actions that the European institutions have developed in Spain. Our approach is based on a theoretical review and an overview of the actions implemented in the coronavirus context. We use the study of cases research strategy to evaluate interesting examples, both traditional and social media. As a result, there is a notable concern from EU institutions about disinformation, thanks to previous experience with the Brexit referendum in 2016 and the 2019 European elections. The actions carried out in Spain are in line with its media literacy needs, but the huge plurality of platforms used by the EU can prevent citizens’ access, since they do not have a centralized and single space to consult data.
Downloads
References
Andrino San Cristóbal, S. (2014). Comunicar sobre Europa, desde Europa y para Europa. La política de comunicación europea entre 1990 y 2010: Euranet, la primera red de radios europeas. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid. Secretariado de Publicaciones.
Auflick, T. (2016). How Trump’s high level of emotion attracts and repels followers simultaneously. LinkedIn. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/2YJcdPz
Baisnée, O. (2014). Reporting the European Union: A Study in Journalistic Boredom, en Kuhn, R. y Nielsen, R. K. (Eds.). Political journalism in transition: Western Europe in a comparative perspective (pp. 131-149). Londres: I.B. Tauris.
Bennett, W. L. y Livingston, S. (2018). The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions. European Journal of Communication, 33(2), 122-139. Doi: 10.1177/0267323118760317
Borrat, H. (1989). El periódico: actor político. Barcelona: Editorial Gustavo Gili.
Brosius, A.; van Elsas, E. J. y de Vreese, C. H. (2019). Trust in the European Union: Effects of the information environment. European Journal of Communication, 34(1), 57-73. Doi: 10.1177/0267323118810843
Cardenal, A. S.; Aguilar-Paredes, C.; Cristancho, C. y Majó-Vázquez, S. (2019). Echo-chambers in online news consumption: Evidence from survey and navigation data in Spain. European Journal of Communication, 34(4), 360-376. Doi: 10.1177/0267323119844409
Carlson, M. (2018). The Information Politics of Journalism in a Post-Truth Age. Journalism Studies, 19(13), 1879-1888. Doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2018.1494513
Casero-Ripollés, A. (2018). Research on political information and social media: Key points and challenges for the future. El profesional de la información, 27 (5), 964-974. Doi: 10.3145/epi.2018.sep.01
Casero-Ripollés, A. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on the media system. Communicative and democratic consequences of news consumption during the outbreak. El profesional de la información, 29(2), e290223. Doi: 10.3145/epi.2020.mar.23
Chadwick, A. (2017). The hybrid media system. Politics and power. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Ciréfice, R. (2018). Regulación jurídica de las “fake news” en la UE: ¿un atentado en contra de la democracia? Derecho y economía de la integración, 5, 119-141. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/2zp8SKM
Comisión Europea (2020). Respuesta al virus-lucha contra la desinformación. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/2ysvZ7r
Comunicación de la Comisión al Parlamento Europeo, al Consejo, al Comité Económico y Social Europeo y al Comité de las Regiones. COM(2018) 236 final. La lucha contra la desinformación en línea: un enfoque europeo. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/2SOmSVp
de Ramón Carrión, M. (2017). Los hilos de tuits como articulación del relato histórico fragmentado. Historia y Comunicación Social, 22(2), 347-362. Doi: 10.5209/HICS.57848
De Vries, C. (2018). Euroscepticism and the Future of European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fajardo-Trigueros, C. (2017). Brexit, una oportunidad única para relanzar el proyecto europeo. (Trabajo Fin de Máster en Estudios Europeos). Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla.
Fletcher, R.; Cornia, A. y Nielsen, R. K. (2020). How Polarized Are Online and Offline News Audiences? A Comparative Analysis of Twelve Countries. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25(2), 1-27. Doi: 10.1177/1940161219892768
Freelon, D. y Wells, C. (2020). Disinformation as Political Communication. Political Communication, 37(2), 145-156. Doi: 10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755
García Avilés, J. A. y Carvajal, M. (2008). Integrated and Cross-Media Newsroom convergence: two models of multimedia news production: The Cases of Novotécnica and La Verdad Multimedia in Spain. Convergence, 14(2), 223-241. Doi: 10.1177/1354856507087945
García-Gordillo, M. y Pérez-Curiel, C. (2008). La especialización periodística en el nuevo marco europeo. La UE como contenido y fuente especializada en el ámbito mediático y Web, en Fernández Sanz, J. J.; Sanz Establés, C. y Rubio Moraga, A. L. (Eds.). Prensa y Periodismo Especializado IV (pp. 245-258). Guadalajara: Editores del Henares.
Hanusch, F. y Hanitzsch, T. (2017). Comparing Journalistic Cultures Across Nations. Journalism Studies, 18(5), 525-535. Doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2017.1280229
Higgins, K. (2016). Post-truth: a guide for the perplexed. Nature 540(7631), 9. Doi: 10.1038/540009a
Humprecht, E.; Esser, F. y Van Aelst, P. (2020). Resilience to Online Disinformation: A Framework for Cross-National Comparative Research. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 1-24. Doi: 10.1177/1940161219900126
Igartua, J. J. (2006). Métodos cuantitativos de investigación en comunicación. Barcelona: Bosch.
Karlsen, R. (2015). Followers are opinion leaders: The role of people in the flow of political communication on and beyond social networking sites. European Journal of Communication, 30(3), 301-318. DOI: 10.1177/0267323115577305
Krzyżanowski, M. (2019). Brexit and the imaginary of ‘crisis’: a discourse conceptual analysis of European news media. Critical Discourse Studies, 16(4), 465-490. Doi: 10.1080/17405904.2019.1592001
Newman, N.; Fletcher, R.; Schulz, A; Andi, S. y Nielsen, R. K. (2020). Reuters Institute digital news report 2020. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3ioESQF
Nielsen, R. K.; Fletcher, R.; Newman, N.; Brennen, J. C. y Howard, P. N. (2020). Navigating the ‘Infodemic’: How People in Six Countries Access and Rate News and Information about Coronavirus. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/2YJFYQn
Ott, B. L. (2017). The age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 34(1), 59-68. DOI: 10.1080/15295036. 2016.1266686
Parlamento Europeo (2019). Cómo detectar que una noticia es falsa. Bruselas: EPRS | Servicio de Estudios del Parlamento Europeo. https://bit.ly/3b8r8pf
Parlamento Europeo (2020a). COVID-19: las autoridades nacionales deben hacer más para concienciar sobre la respuesta de la UE (sala de prensa del Parlamento Europeo). Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3dptDVF
Parlamento Europeo (2020b). Desinformación: cómo reconocer y evitar que se extiendan los bulos sobre el COVID-19 (sala de prensa del Parlamento Europeo). Recuperado de https://bit.ly/2WAIfdW
Parlamento Europeo (2020c). Verificación de datos: lucha contra la desinformación en tiempos de Covid-19 (sala de prensa del Parlamento Europeo). Recuperado de https://bit.ly/2znrDhI
Parratt, S. (2008). Géneros periodísticos en prensa. Quito: Ediciones Ciespal.
Pulido, C. M.; Villarejo-Carballido, B; Redondo-Sama, G. y Gómez, A. (2020). COVID-19 infodemic: More retweets for science-based information on coronavirus than for false information. International Sociology, 1-16. Doi: 10.1177/0268580920914755
Rivas-de-Roca, R. (2018a). El tratamiento informativo de la UE en crisis (2011-2015): comparación entre Alemania y España. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 24(2), 1633-1646. Doi: 10.5209/ESMP.62237
Rivas-de-Roca, R. (2018b). Las “fake news” en Europa: parámetros para su reconocimiento, en Domínguez Romero, E.; Bobkina, J. y Pertegal Felices, M. L. (Eds.). Alfabetización digital e informacional (pp. 427-438). Barcelona: Gedisa.
Rúas-Araújo, X. y Casero-Ripollés, A. (2018). Comunicación política en la época de las redes sociales: lo viejo y lo nuevo, y más allá. AdComunica. Revista Científica de Estrategias, Tendencias e Innovación en Comunicación, 16, 21-24. Doi: 10.6035/2174-0992.2018.16.2
Sádaba Rodríguez, I. (2012). Introducción a la investigación social online, en Arroyo Menéndez, M. y Sádaba Rodríguez, I. (Eds.). Metodología de la investigación social: técnicas innovadoras y sus aplicaciones (pp. 197-216). Madrid: Síntesis.
Tuñón, J., Bouza, L. y Carral, U. (2019). Comunicación europea. ¿A quién doy like para hablar con Europa? Madrid: Dykinson.
Ufarte-Ruiz, M.-J., Peralta-García, L. y Murcia-Verdú, F. J. (2018). Fact checking: un nuevo desafío del periodismo. El profesional de la información, 27(4), 733-741. Doi: 10.3145/epi.2018.jul.02
Unión Europea (2018). EU Code of Practice on Disinformation. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3dsPHyF
Vosoughi, S.; Roy, D. y Ara, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146-1151. Doi: 10.1126/science.aap9559
Vraga, E. K. y Bode, L. (2020). “Defining Misinformation and Understanding its Bounded Nature: Using Expertise and Evidence for Describing Misinformation”. Political Communication, 37(1), 136-144. Doi: 10.1080/10584609.2020.1716500
Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2020). “An Emotional Turn in Journalism Studies?”. Digital Journalism, 8 (2), 175-194. Doi: 10.1080/21670811.2019.1697626
Wagner, M. C. y Boczkowski, P. J. (2019). The Reception of Fake News: The Interpretations and Practices That Shape the Consumption of Perceived Misinformation. Digital Journalism, 7(7), 870-885. Doi: 10.1080/21670811.2019.1653208
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
By submitting the original, the author(s) declare that they are aware of and accept, in full, the privacy policy as well as the copyright of the Learning Styles Magazine.
The Learning Styles Magazine offers free and open access to its content, completely free of charge, in order to bring scientific research to its readers and society in general. All digital contents are free and open access and are published under a Creative Commons license:
Rights are granted under the Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0)
The Learning Styles Magazine is an open access journal. Publication of articles or reviews in the Journal does not entitle you to any remuneration. For authors as well as readers, the journal is free Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0).
With this licence, the reproduction and dissemination of the contents of the magazine for educational, social and knowledge transmission purposes is permitted, without any profit motive in mind, provided that the source and authorship are not modified. The licence granted to Learning Styles Magazine allows the copying and distribution of the magazine's contents, as long as the authorship of the work is recognised, correctly specifying the author and the publishing entity. The work may not be used for commercial purposes, nor may it be altered, transformed or generated from this work.
The publication of articles or reviews in the Journal does not give the right to any remuneration.
The Learning Styles Journal invites the author/authors to increase the visibility and scope of their articles published by re-disseminating them in:
- Web spaces and personal networks, as well as in scientific meetings and forums
- Open institutional archives in Universities, educational repositories and Research Centres.
- Academic and scientific networks (Researchgate, Academia.edu, Plubons, etc.)
All these spaces and publications must include all the bibliographic data of the publication.
